For all the deference to “laws” of nature that supposedly govern everything that happens, the truth is that randomness rules the world. Everywhere you look, randomness is at work, in all the processes ...

Classical probability theory assumes an equal likelihood for all outcomes. For example, if you were to flip a coin, there's an equal change of it landing on "heads" or "tails." Microsoft Excel offers ...

Quantum mechanics replaced the clockwork certainty of classical physics with something far stranger: a framework in which particles do not follow single, predictable paths but instead exist as clouds ...

Human behaviour is an enigma that fascinates many scientists. And there has been much discussion over the role of probability in explaining how our minds work. Probability is a mathematical framework ...

HALF a century of research has shown that people do not always follow the “rational” rules of classical probability theory when making decisions, particularly under conditions of uncertainty.

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract A gas relaxing into equilibrium is often taken to be a process in which a system moves from an “improbable” to a “probable” state. Given that ...