Process control and simulation lie at the heart of modern industrial operations, enabling continuous monitoring, dynamic adjustment, and predictive optimisation of complex process systems.

Although it is common knowledge that their efficiency is poor, Peltier thermoelectric elements are considered the most versatile cooling elements; they are used in a wide range of applications, such ...

(Editor's additional note: if you are not familiar with the principles and analysis of PID control: you should be; It is the most important, studied, understandable, and applied closed-loop control ...