When working with TCP/IP, the model is simplified to four layers plus the physical layer as shown in Figure 2-4. This figure depicts the encapsulation process with protocol overhead down to Ethernet, ...

SS7 has been the tried and true signaling mechanism for providing signaling in traditional PSTN networks. But, with voice-over-IP (VoIP) becoming a more important technology for carriers, carriers are ...

Whether it’s wired or wireless, most data communications today happens by way of packets of information travelling over one or more networks. But before these networks can work together, though, they ...

Like many words in the English language, “network” and “protocol” have different meanings, depending on the context. In the context of digital communications, Merriam-Webster defines network as “a ...