Fuzzy Fredholm integral equations represent a class of mathematical problems in which uncertainty is incorporated directly into the model via fuzzy numbers. These equations extend the classical ...

Electromagnetic integral equations offer a powerful framework for modelling wave propagation and scattering phenomena by recasting Maxwell’s equations into formulations involving integrals over ...

In this paper, we present a numerical method for solving nonlinear Hammerstein fractional integral equations. The method approximates the solution by Picard iteration ...

Nyström's method with the trapezoidal rule, and the Fourier method, produce the same approximation to the solution of an integral equation at the collocation points ...