The year 2025 was the warmest on record for the heat content of the world’s oceans. Ocean heat content (OHC) increased by around 500 zettajoules – billion trillion joules – since the 1940s.

By Edward Carver Every calendar year since 2019, ocean temperatures have reached new record highs. 2025 was no exception, ...

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Globally, it was the sixth hottest year on record for surface temperatures, according to data released by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in their annual global climate ...

The physical properties of seawater include both 'thermodynamic properties' like density and freezing point, as well as 'transport properties' like the electrical conductivity and viscosity. Density ...