The philosopher Immanuel Kant (1781) distinguished between the world of noumena, the world of things-in-themselves, and the world of phenomena, the world as it appears to our minds, aiming to ...

IT is astonishing how long the English-speaking public has had to wait for an adequate translation of Kant's epoch-making work. The “Critique of Pure Reason” was published in 1781, all but a hundred ...

mentor and rabbi. Spinoza thus became, at an early age, a minority of a minority, or a “double-exile” of 17th-century Europe. That the radicalism of his philosophy was tied into the radicalism of his ...