In a white paper published by a multidisciplinary team of top scientists in China, Earth system is defined to encompass both internal and external geospheres from solid Earth system through surface ...

A schematic diagram for the three constituent parts of Earth system science and their functional elements A schematic diagram for the behavior of physical, chemical and biological interactions within ...

Tipping elements of the Earth system should be considered global commons, researchers argue in a new paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Global commons cannot—as ...

WASHINGTON — To explore the complex interactions between the natural world and society and enhance our understanding of Earth’s systems — the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, ...