Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Eric's career includes extensive work in ...

Debt ratio shows a company's ability to handle debt and invest wisely. Trend in a company's debt ratio indicates its ongoing fiscal health and investment quality. Different industries justify varying ...

A pulse oximeter measures blood oxygen levels at home and in healthcare settings. Abnormally low readings on a pulse oximeter might require medical care, especially if they are below 92%. Skin color ...

Unlock the power of the Golden Ratio in design. Learn practical tips, debunk myths, and create stunning visuals—no complex maths required. Look, I get it. You're probably thinking, “Great, another ...

Your cholesterol/HDL ratio is your total cholesterol divided by your HDL level. A cholesterol/HDL ratio of below 3.5 is optimal and indicates a very low risk for heart disease. Ratios above 5 to 1 are ...

Abstract: In this work, a detection and classification method for sleep apnea and hypopnea, using photopletysmography (PPG) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2) signals, is proposed. The detector ...

To take a pulse oximetry reading, turn on the device, place it on your fingertip, sit still, and wait for a stable reading. Normal oxygen saturation levels range from 95% to 100%; levels below 92% may ...

Conclusions: SpO2 and PR measurements may be inaccurate across all skin pigmentation groups, breaching U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance and industry standard thresholds. Pulse oximeters ...